THE COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS FOR BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND REMOVAL EFFICIENCY

Nikola Stanković

doi:10.2298/IJGI2401017S

Authors

Nikola Stanković Electric Power of Serbia Joint-Stock Company, Belgrade

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.2298/IJGI2401017S

Keywords:

constructed wetlands, removal efficiency, biochemical oxygen demand, One-way analysis of variance

Abstract

This research shows efficiency of constructed wetlands (CWs) to purify waste water in the case of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). CWs such as surface flow (SF), subsurface flow (SSF), and hybrid (HYB) systems have been compared to provide an analysis about which system has better performance for BOD removal efficiency. Data were collected from different scientific articles and from all over the world. Meta-analysis technique was employed to aggregate data from scientific sources, facilitating hypothesis testing, and comparisons between different types of CWs. All the systems of CWs show satisfactory removal efficiency. HYB systems are shown to be the most efficient. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) has been applied to analyze differences between respective CWs using R software. It shows that there is a statistically significant difference between different types of CWs. Post-hoc Tukey’s Honestly Significant Different (HSD) analysis demonstrates a statistically significant difference between SF and HYB systems in the case of BOD removal efficiency. Also, Post-hoc Tukey’s HSD shows statistically significant difference between SSF and SF CWs. On the other hand, Post-hoc Tukey’s HSD does not show statistically significant difference between HYB and SSF CWs. The significant reduction rates for BOD removal efficiency, demonstrates that CWs can be used to diminish this kind of pollution.

Article metrics

References

Abdelhakeem, S. G., Aboulroos, S. A., & Kamel, M. M. (2016). Performance of a vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland under different operational conditions. Journal of Advance Research, 7(5), 803–814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2015.12.002

Abdullahi, A. B., Siregar, A. R., Pakiding, W., & Riwu, M. (2020, November 3–4). The analysis of BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) contents in the water of around laying chicken farm. The 3rd International Conference of Animal Science and Technology (Earth and Environmental Science, Vol. 788). Makassar, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/788/1/012155

Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to Meta-Analysis (1st ed.). Wiley.

Brix, H. (1994). Use of constructed wetlands in water pollution control: Historical development, present status, and future perspectives. Water Science and Technology, 30(8), 209–223. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0413

Brix, H., & Johansen, N. H. (1999). Treatment of Domestic Sewage in a Two-Stage Constructed Wetland –Design Principles. In J. Vymazal (Ed.), Nutrient Cycling and Retention in Natural and Constructed Wetlands (pp. 155–163). Backhuys Publishers.

Chang, J., Zhang, X., Perfler, R., Xu, Q.-S., Niu, X.-Y., & Ge, Y. (2007). Effect of Hydraulic Loading Rate on the Removal Efficiency in a Constructed Wetland in Subtropical China. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 16(9a), 1091–1095. https://www.prt-parlar.de/download_list/?c=FEB_2007

Cooper, P. (2001). Nitrification and Denitrification in Hybrid Constructed Wetlands. In J. Vymazal (Ed.), Transformations of Nutrients in Natural and Constructed Wetlands (pp. 257–270). Backhuys Publishers.

Cooper, P. (2005). The performance of vertical flow constructed wetland systems with special reference to significance of oxygen transfer and hydraulic loading rates. Water Science and Technology, 51(9), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0293

Didanovic, S., & Vrhovsek, D. (2023). Significance of Substrate Selection in the Efficiency of Wastewater Treatment in Constructed Wetlands (CWs). Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 15(9), 424–441. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2023.159025

European Commission. (n.d.). The European Green Deal. https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en

Eurostat. (n.d.). Biochemical oxygen demand in rivers (sdg_06_30) [Data set]. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/sdg_06_30_esmsip2.htm

Gabr, M. E., Al-Ansari, N., Salem, A., & Awad, A. (2023). Proposing a Wetland-Based Economic Approach for Wastewater Treatment in Arid Regions as an Alternative Irrigation Water Source. Hydrology, 10(1), Article 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10010020

Hach, C. C., Klein, R. L., & Gibbs, C. R. (1997). Introduction to Biochemical Oxygen Demand (Technical Information Series—Booklet No. 7). Hach Company. https://imall.vn/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Catalogue-Hach-HRI3P.pdf

Haydar, S., Anis, M., & Afaq, M. (2020). Performance evaluation of hybrid constructed wetlands for the treatment of municipal wastewater in developing countries. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 28(6), 1717–1724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2020.02.017

Hu, S., Zhu, H., Bañuelos, G., Shutes, B., Wang, X., Hou, S., & Yan, B. (2023). Factors Influencing Gaseous Emissions in Constructed Wetlands: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20, Article 3876. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053876

Jouanneau, S., Recoules, L., Durand, M. J., Boukabache, A., Picot, V., Primault, Y., Lakel, A., Sengelin, M., Barillon, B., & Thouand, G. (2013). Methods for assessing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD): A review. Water Research, 49, 62–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.066

Kadlec, R. H., & Knight, R. I. (1996). Treatment wetlands. Lewis Publishers.

Kadlec, R. H., Knight, R. H., Vymazal, J., Brix, H., Cooper, P., & Haberl, R. (2000). Constructed Wetlands for Pollution Control: Processes, Performance, Design and Operation (Scientific and Technical Report No. 8). IWA Publishing. http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/30978

Kato, K., Koba, T., Ietsugu, H., Saigusa, T., Nozoe, T., Kobayashi, S., Kitagawa, K., & Yanagiya, S. (2006, September 23–29). Early Performance of Hybrid Reed Bed System to Treat Milking Parlour Wastewater in Cold Climate in Japan. 10th International Conference Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control (Vol. 2, pp. 1111–1118). Lisbon, Portugal. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270396995_Early_performance_of_hybrid_reed_bed_system_to_treat_milking_parlour_wastewater_in_cold_climate_in_Japan

Kumar, R., & Kumar, A. (2005). Water Analysis. Biochemical Oxygen Demand. In P. Worsfold, A. Townshend, & C. Poole (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Analytical Science (2nd ed., pp. 315– 324). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-369397-7/00662-2

Lokesh, S., Parameswari, E., Janaki, P., Jayashree, R., & Poorniammal, R. (2023). Potentials of Constructed Wetland for the Treatment of Wastewater from Cocopeat Production Industry. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 13(10), 1539–1546. https://doi.org/10.9734/IJECC/2023/v13i102809

Luederitz, V., Eckert, E., Lange-Weber, M., Lange, A., & Gersberg, R. M. (2001). Nutrient removal efficiency and resource economics of vertical flow and horizontal flow constructed wetlands. Ecological Engineering, 18(2), 157–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8574(01)00075-1

Mulkeen, C. J., Gormally, M. J., Swaney, W. T., Healy, M. G., & Williams, C. D. (2023). Sciomyzidae (Diptera) Assemblages in Constructed and Natural Wetlands: Implications for Constructed Wetland Design. Wetlands 44(5), Article 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-023-01759-3

Nan, X., Lavrnić, S., Mancuso, G., & Toscano, A. (2023). Effects of Design and Operational Conditions on the Performance of Constructed Wetlands for Agricultural Pollution Control – Critical Review. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 234, Article 434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06380-y

Nicolau, G., Pietra, R., & Sabbioni, E., & Parr, R. M. (1989). Trace element analysis in environmental and occupational health: Box plot representation of elemental composition results. Science of the Total Environment, 80(2–3), 167–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(89)90072-7

Nurmahomed, N., Sobhun, T., Ragen, A. K., & Sheridan, C. M. (2022). Performance of a constructed wetland treating synthetic greywater. Bioresource Technology Reports, 17, Article 100930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2021.100930

Paing, J., & Voisin, J. (2005). Vertical flow constructed wetlands for municipal wastewater and septage treatment in French rural area. Water Science and Technology, 51(9), 145–155. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0306

Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS Survival Manual – A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis using SPSS for Windows (3rd ed.). Open University Press.

Pérez, Y., Vargas, E., García-Cortés, D., Hernández, W., Checo, H., & Jáuregui-Haza, U. (2024). Efficiency and effectiveness of systems for the treatment of domestic wastewater based on subsurface flow constructed wetlands in Jarabacoa, Dominican Republic. Water Science and Engineering, 17(2), 118–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wse.2023.08.004

Prihatini, N. S., Firmansyah, M., Nirtha, I., Abdi, C., & Suryanata, A. (2023). Removal of Fe in well water using surface flow constructed wetland system with Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes L. International Journal of Biosciences, 22(1), 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/22.1.18-26

Prihatini, N. S., Jumar, Arisnawati, R. S., Nadhillah, R. Z., Wulandari, R. P., Fazriati, D. A., & Soemarno. (2017). Ability of Local Species Plant in Surface Flow Constructed Wetland to Reduce Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in Sasirangan Wastewater. International Journal of Bioscience, 11(4), 144–149. http://doi.org/10.12692/ijb/11.4.144-149

Prihatini, N. S., & Soemarno. (2023). Role of Plant-Bacteria Association in Constructed Wetlands for the Removal of Iron (Fe) from Contaminated Water. In S. Kumar, K. Bauddh, R. Singh, N. Kumar, & R. Kumar (Eds.), Aquatic Macrophytes: Ecology, Functions and Services (pp. 297–311). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3822-3_14

Qin, R., & Chen, H. (2016). The procession of constructed wetland removal mechanism of pollutants. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Mechanical Materials and Manufacturing Engineering (pp. 568–570). Atlantis Press. https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/mmme-16/25859862

Shmeis, R. M. A. (2018). Water Chemistry and Microbiology. Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, 81, 1–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.coac.2018.02.001

Shrestha, R. R., & Shrestha, P. (2000). Constructed Wetlands in Nepal: Chronicle, Continuance and Challenges. Journal of Environment and Public Health, 1–4. http://skr.rs/zNQ0

Shutes, R. B. E. (2001). Artificial wetlands and water quality improvement. Environment International, 26(5–6), 441–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00025-3

Singh, S., Upadhyay, S., Rani, A., Sharma, P. K., Rawat, J. M., Rawat, B., Prashant, P., & Bhattacharya, P. (2023). Assessment of pathogen removal efficiency of vertical flow constructed wetland treating septage. Scientific Reports, 13, Article 18703. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-45257-2

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Pearson Education.

Thalla, A. K., Devatha, C. P., Anagh, K., & Sony, E. (2019). Performance evaluation of horizontal and vertical flow constructed wetlands as tertiary option for secondary effluents. Applied Water Science, 9, Article 147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1014-9

United Nations (n.d.). Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Sustainable Development. https://sdgs.un.org/goals

Uredba o graničnim vrednostima zagađujućih materija u površinskim i podzemnim vodama i sedimentu i rokovima za njihovo dostizanje [Regulation on the limit values of pollutants in surface and groundwater, sediments, and deadlines for their achievement], Službeni glasnik Republike Srbije, br. 50 (2012).

Verhoeven, J. T. A., & Meuleman, A. F. M. (1999). Wetlands for wastewater treatment: Opportunities and limitations. Ecological Engineering, 12(1–2), 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8574(98)00050-0

Von Sperling, M., & Platzer, C. (2019). Designing wetlands for specific applications – Treatment wetlends in developing regions. In G. Langergraber, G. Dotro, J. Nivala, A. Rizzo, & O. R. Stein (Eds.), Wetland Technology, Practical Information on the Design and Application of Treatment Wetlands (Scientific and Technical Report, 27, pp. 18–22). IWA Publishing. https://doi.org/10.2166/9781789060171_0017

Vymazal, J. (2001). Types of Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Their Potential for Nutrient Removal, In J. Vymazal (Ed.), Transformations of Nutrients in Natural and Constructed Wetlands (pp. 1–93). Backhuys Publishers.

Vymazal, J. (2005). Horizontal sub-surface flow and hybrid constructed wetlands systems for wastewater treatment. Ecological Engineering, 25(5), 478–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2005.07.010

Vymazal, J. (2009). The use constructed wetlands with horizontal sub-surface flow for various types of waste water. Ecological Engineering, 35(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.08.016

Vymazal, J., & Kröpfelová, L. (2008). Wastewater Treatment in Constructed Wetlands with Horizontal Sub-Surface Flow (Environmental Pollution, Vol. 14). Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8580-2

Watson, J. T., Reed, S. C., Kadlec, R. H., Knight, R. L., & Whitehouse, A. E. (1989). Performance Expectations and Loading Rates for Constructed Wetlands. In D. A. Hammer (Ed.), Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial and Agricultural (pp. 319–352). Lewis Publishers.